| ID |
English原文 |
中文翻译 |
最近翻译记录 |
状态 |
操作 |
| 0#翻译 |
Appendix H: Request and Response Objects
----------------------------------------
|
附录H HTTP请求（Request）和回应（Response）对象
----------------------------------------------- |
5940天前 |
|
翻译 |
| 1#翻译 |
Django uses request and response objects to pass state through the system.
|
Django使用request和response对象在系统间传递状态。 |
5023天前 |
|
翻译 |
| 2#翻译 |
When a page is requested, Django creates an ``HttpRequest`` object that
contains metadata about the request. Then Django loads the appropriate view,
passing the ``HttpRequest`` as the first argument to the view function. Each
view is responsible for returning an ``HttpResponse`` object.
|
当一个页面被请示时，Django创建一个包含请求元数据的 ``HttpRequest`` 对象。
然后Django调入合适的视图，把 ``HttpRequest`` 作为视图函数的第一个参数
传入。每个视图要负责返回一个 ``HttpResponse`` 对象。 |
5023天前 |
|
翻译 |
| 3#翻译 |
Weve used these objects often throughout the book; this appendix explains the
complete APIs for ``HttpRequest`` and ``HttpResponse`` objects.
|
我们在书中已经使用过这些对象了；这篇附录说明了 ``HttpRequest`` 和 ``HttpResponse``
的全部API。 |
5906天前 |
|
翻译 |
| 4#翻译 |
HttpRequest
```````````
|
HttpRequest对象
````````````````` |
5726天前 |
|
翻译 |
| 5#翻译 |
``HttpRequest`` represents a single HTTP request from some user-agent.
|
``HttpRequest`` 表示来自某客户端的一个单独的HTTP请求。 |
5858天前 |
|
翻译 |
| 6#翻译 |
Much of the important information about the request is available as attributes
on the ``HttpRequest`` instance (see Table H-1). All attributes except
``session`` should be considered read-only.
|
HttpRequest实例的属性包含了关于此次请求的大多数重要信息(详见表H-1)。 除了session外的所有属性都应该认为是只读的. |
5623天前 |
|
翻译 |
| 7#翻译 |
.. table:: Table H-1. Attributes of HttpRequest Objects
+-----------------+-----------------------------------------------------------+
|Attribute |Description |
+=================+===========================================================+
|``path`` |A string representing the full path to the requested page, |
| |not including the domain for example, |
| |``"/music/bands/the_beatles/"`` . |
+-----------------+-----------------------------------------------------------+
|``method`` |A string representing the HTTP method used in the request. |
| |This is guaranteed to be uppercase. For example: |
| | |
| |:: |
| | |
| | |
| | if request.method == 'GET': |
| | do_something() |
| | elif request.method == 'POST': |
| | do_something_else() |
| | |
| |.. |
| | |
| | |
+-----------------+-----------------------------------------------------------+
|``GET`` |A dictionary-like object containing all given HTTP GET |
| |parameters. See the upcoming ``QueryDict`` documentation. |
+-----------------+-----------------------------------------------------------+
|``POST`` |A dictionary-like object containing all given HTTP POST |
| |parameters. See the upcoming ``QueryDict`` documentation. |
| | |
| |Its possible that a request can come in via POST with an |
| |empty ``POST`` dictionary if, say, a form is requested via |
| |the POST HTTP method but does not include form data. |
| |Therefore, you shouldnt use ``if request.POST`` to check |
| |for use of the POST method; instead, use ``if |
| |request.method == "POST"`` (see the ``method`` entry in |
| |this table). |
| | |
| |Note: ``POST`` does *not* include file-upload information. |
| |See ``FILES`` . |
+-----------------+-----------------------------------------------------------+
|``REQUEST`` |For convenience, a dictionary-like object that searches |
| |``POST`` first, and then ``GET`` . Inspired by PHPs |
| |``$_REQUEST`` . |
| | |
| |For example, if ``GET = {"name": "john"}`` and ``POST = |
| |{"age": '34'}`` , ``REQUEST["name"]`` would be ``"john"`` ,|
| |and ``REQUEST["age"]`` would be ``"34"`` . |
| | |
| |Its strongly suggested that you use ``GET`` and ``POST`` |
| |instead of ``REQUEST`` , because the former are more |
| |explicit. |
+-----------------+-----------------------------------------------------------+
|``COOKIES`` |A standard Python dictionary containing all cookies. Keys |
| |and values are strings. See Chapter 12 for more on using |
| |cookies. |
+-----------------+-----------------------------------------------------------+
|``FILES`` |A dictionary-like object containing all uploaded files. |
| |Each key in ``FILES`` is the ``name`` from the ``<input |
| |type="file" name="" />`` . Each value in ``FILES`` is a |
| |standard Python dictionary with the following three keys: |
| | |
| |* ``filename`` : The name of the uploaded file, as a |
| | Python string |
| | |
| |* ``content-type`` : The content type of the uploaded |
| | file. |
| | |
| |* ``content`` : The raw content of the uploaded file. |
| | |
| |Note that ``FILES`` will contain data only if the request |
| |method was ``POST`` and the ``<form>`` that posted to the |
| |request had ``enctype="multipart/form-data"`` . Otherwise, |
| |``FILES`` will be a blank dictionary-like object. |
+-----------------+-----------------------------------------------------------+
|``META`` |A standard Python dictionary containing all available HTTP |
| |headers. Available headers depend on the client and server,|
| |but here are some examples: |
| | |
| |* ``CONTENT_LENGTH`` |
| | |
| |* ``CONTENT_TYPE`` |
| | |
| |* ``QUERY_STRING`` : The raw unparsed query string |
| | |
| |* ``REMOTE_ADDR`` : The IP address of the client |
| | |
| |* ``REMOTE_HOST`` : The hostname of the client |
| | |
| |* ``SERVER_NAME`` : The hostname of the server. |
| | |
| |* ``SERVER_PORT`` : The port of the server |
| | |
| |Any HTTP headers are available in ``META`` as keys prefixed|
| |with ``HTTP_`` , for example: |
| | |
| |* ``HTTP_ACCEPT_ENCODING`` |
| | |
| |* ``HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE`` |
| | |
| |* ``HTTP_HOST`` : The HTTP ``Host`` header sent by the |
| | client |
| | |
| |* ``HTTP_REFERER`` : The referring page, if any |
| | |
| |* ``HTTP_USER_AGENT`` : The clients user-agent string |
| | |
| |* ``HTTP_X_BENDER`` : The value of the ``X-Bender`` |
| | header, if set |
+-----------------+-----------------------------------------------------------+
|``user`` |A ``django.contrib.auth.models.User`` object representing |
| |the currently logged-in user. If the user isnt currently |
| |logged in, ``user`` will be set to an instance of |
| |``django.contrib.auth.models.AnonymousUser`` . You can tell|
| |them apart with ``is_authenticated()`` , like so: |
| | |
| |:: |
| | |
| | |
| | if request.user.is_authenticated(): |
| | # Do something for logged-in users. |
| | else: |
| | # Do something for anonymous users. |
| | |
| |.. |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| |``user`` is available only if your Django installation has |
| |the ``AuthenticationMiddleware`` activated. |
| | |
| |For the complete details of authentication and users, see |
| |Chapter 12. |
+-----------------+-----------------------------------------------------------+
|``session`` |A readable and writable, dictionary-like object that |
| |represents the current session. This is available only if |
| |your Django installation has session support activated. See|
| |Chapter 12. |
+-----------------+-----------------------------------------------------------+
|``raw_post_data``|The raw HTTP POST data. This is useful for advanced |
| |processing. |
+-----------------+-----------------------------------------------------------+
|
.. table:: 表 H-1. HttpRequest对象的属性
+-----------------+-----------------------------------------------------------+
|属性 |描述 |
+=================+===========================================================+
| ``path`` |表示提交请求页面完整地址的字符串， |
| |不包括域名，如 ``"/music/bands/the_beatles/"`` 。 |
+-----------------+-----------------------------------------------------------+
|``method`` |表示提交请求使用的HTTP方法。 |
| |它总是大写的。例如： |
| | |
| |:: |
| | |
| | |
| | if request.method == 'GET': |
| | do_something() |
| | elif request.method == 'POST': |
| | do_something_else() |
| | |
| |.. |
| | |
| | |
+-----------------+-----------------------------------------------------------+
|``GET`` |一个类字典对象，包含所有的HTTP的GET参数的信息。 |
| |见 ``QueryDict`` 文档。 |
+-----------------+-----------------------------------------------------------+
|``POST`` |一个类字典对象，包含所有的HTTP的POST参数的信息。 |
| |见 ``QueryDict`` 文档。 |
| | |
| |通过POST提交的请求有可能包含一个空的 ``POST`` 字典， |
| |也就是说， 一个通过POST方法提交的表单可能不包含数据。 |
| |因此，不应该使用 ``if request.POST`` 来判断POST方法的使用，|
| |而是使用 ``if request.method == "POST"`` |
| |（见表中的 ``method`` 条目）。 |
| | |
| |注意： ``POST`` 并 *不* 包含文件上传信息。 |
| |见 ``FILES`` 。 |
+-----------------+-----------------------------------------------------------+
|``REQUEST`` |为了方便而创建，这是一个类字典对象，先搜索 ``POST`` ， |
| |再搜索 ``GET`` 。 灵感来自于PHP的 ``$_REQEUST`` 。 |
| | |
| |例如， 若 ``GET = {"name": "john"}`` ， ``POST = |
| |{"age": '34'}`` ， ``REQUEST["name"]`` 会是 ``"john"`` ， |
| |``REQUEST["age"]`` 会是 ``"34"`` 。 |
| | |
| |强烈建议使用 ``GET`` 和 ``POST`` ，而不是 ``REQUEST`` 。 |
| |这是为了向前兼容和更清楚的表示。 |
+-----------------+-----------------------------------------------------------+
|``COOKIES`` |一个标准的Python字典，包含所有cookie。 |
| |键和值都是字符串。cookie使用的更多信息见第12章。 |
+-----------------+-----------------------------------------------------------+
|``FILES`` |一个类字典对象，包含所有上传的文件。 |
| |``FILES`` 的键来自 ``<input type="file" name="" />`` |
| |中的 ``name`` 。 ``FILES`` 的值是一个标准的Python字典， |
| |包含以下三个键： |
| | |
| |* ``filename`` ：字符串，表示上传文件的文件名。 |
| | |
| |* ``content-type`` ：上传文件的内容类型。 |
| | |
| |* ``content`` ：上传文件的原始内容。 |
| | |
| |注意 ``FILES`` 只在请求的方法是 ``POST`` ，并且提交的 |
| |``<form>`` 包含 ``enctype="multipart/form-data"`` 时 |
| |才包含数据。否则， ``FILES`` 只是一个空的类字典对象。 |
+-----------------+-----------------------------------------------------------+
|``META`` |一个标准的Python字典，包含所有有效的HTTP头信息。 |
| |有效的头信息与客户端和服务器有关。 |
| |这里有几个例子： |
| | |
| |* ``CONTENT_LENGTH`` |
| | |
| |* ``CONTENT_TYPE`` |
| | |
| |* ``QUERY_STRING`` ：未解析的原始请求字符串。 |
| | |
| |* ``REMOTE_ADDR`` ：客户端IP地址。 |
| | |
| |* ``REMOTE_HOST`` ：客户端主机名。 |
| | |
| |* ``SERVER_NAME`` ：服务器主机名。 |
| | |
| |* ``SERVER_PORT`` ：服务器端口号。 |
| | |
| |在 ``META`` 中有效的任一HTTP头信息都是带有 ``HTTP_`` 前缀的|
| |键，例如： |
| | |
| |* ``HTTP_ACCEPT_ENCODING`` |
| | |
| |* ``HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE`` |
| | |
| |* ``HTTP_HOST`` ：客户端发送的 ``Host`` 头信息。 |
| | |
| |* ``HTTP_REFERER`` ：被指向的页面，如果存在的。 |
| | |
| |* ``HTTP_USER_AGENT`` ：客户端的user-agent字符串。 |
| | |
| |* ``HTTP_X_BENDER`` ： ``X-Bender`` 头信息的值， |
| | 如果已设的话。 |
+-----------------+-----------------------------------------------------------+
|``user`` |一个 ``django.contrib.auth.models.User`` 对象表示 |
| |当前登录用户。 若当前用户尚未登录， |
| |``user`` 会设为 |
| |``django.contrib.auth.models.AnonymousUser`` 的一个实例。 |
| |可以将它们与 ``is_authenticated()`` 区别开： |
| | |
| |:: |
| | |
| | |
| | if request.user.is_authenticated(): |
| | # Do something for logged-in users. |
| | else: |
| | # Do something for anonymous users. |
| | |
| |.. |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| |``user`` 仅当Django激活 ``AuthenticationMiddleware`` |
| |时有效。 |
| | |
| |关于认证和用户的完整细节，见第12章。 |
+-----------------+-----------------------------------------------------------+
|``session`` |一个可读写的类字典对象，表示当前session。 |
| |仅当Django已激活session支持时有效。 |
| |见第12章。 |
+-----------------+-----------------------------------------------------------+
|``raw_post_data``|POST的原始数据。 用于对数据的复杂处理。 |
+-----------------+-----------------------------------------------------------+
|
5692天前 |
|
翻译 |
| 10#翻译 |
Request objects also have a few useful methods, as shown in Table H-2.
|
Request对象同样包含了一些有用的方法，见表H-2。
|
5692天前 |
|
翻译 |
| 11#翻译 |
.. table:: Table H-2. HttpRequest Methods
+--------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+
|Method |Description |
+====================+========================================================+
|``__getitem__(key)``|Returns the GET/POST value for the given key, checking |
| |POST first, and then GET. Raises ``KeyError`` if the key|
| |doesnt exist. |
| | |
| |This lets you use dictionary-accessing syntax on an |
| |``HttpRequest`` instance. |
| | |
| |For example, ``request["foo"]`` is the same as checking |
| |``request.POST["foo"]`` and then ``request.GET["foo"]`` |
| |. |
+--------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+
|``has_key()`` |Returns ``True`` or ``False`` , designating whether |
| |``request.GET`` or ``request.POST`` has the given key. |
+--------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+
|``get_full_path()`` |Returns the ``path`` , plus an appended query string, if|
| |applicable. For example, |
| |``"/music/bands/the_beatles/?print=true"`` |
+--------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+
|``is_secure()`` |Returns ``True`` if the request is secure; that is, if |
| |it was made with HTTPS. |
+--------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+
|
.. table:: 表 H-2. HttpRequest 的方法
+--------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+
|方法 |描述 |
+====================+========================================================+
|``__getitem__(key)``|请求所给键的GET/POST值，先查找POST，然后是GET。 |
| |若键不存在，则引发异常 ``KeyError`` 。 |
| | |
| |该方法使用户可以以访问字典的方式来访问一个 |
| |``HttpRequest`` 实例。 |
| | |
| |例如， ``request["foo"]`` 和先检查 |
| |``request.POST["foo"]`` 再检查 ``request.GET["foo"]`` 一|
| |样。 |
+--------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+
|``has_key()`` |返回 ``True`` 或 ``False`` ， |
| |标识 ``request.GET`` 或 ``request.POST`` 是否包含所给的 |
| |键。 |
+--------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+
|``get_full_path()`` |返回 ``path`` ，若请求字符串有效，则附加于其后。 |
| |例如， ``"/music/bands/the_beatles/?print=true"`` 。 |
+--------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+
|``is_secure()`` |如果请求是安全的，则返回 ``True`` 。 |
| |也就是说，请求是以HTTPS的形式提交的。 |
+--------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+
|
5692天前 |
ezubofai |
翻译 |
| 14#翻译 |
QueryDict Objects
'''''''''''''''''
|
QueryDict 对象
''''''''''''''''' |
5750天前 |
|
翻译 |
| 15#翻译 |
In an ``HttpRequest`` object, the ``GET`` and ``POST`` attributes are instances
of ``django.http.QueryDict`` . ``QueryDict`` is a dictionary-like class
customized to deal with multiple values for the same key. This is necessary
because some HTML form elements, notably ``<select multiple="multiple">`` ,
pass multiple values for the same key.
|
在一个 ``HttpRequest`` 对象中， ``GET`` 和 ``POST`` 属性都是 ``django.http.QueryDict`` 的实例。 ``QueryDict`` 是一个类似于字典的类，专门用来处理用一个键的多值。当处理一些HTML表单中的元素，特别是 ``<select multiple="multiple">`` 之类传递同一key的多值的元素时，就需要这个类了。 |
5726天前 |
|
翻译 |
| 16#翻译 |
``QueryDict`` instances are immutable, unless you create a ``copy()`` of them.
That means you cant change attributes of ``request.POST`` and ``request.GET``
directly.
|
``QueryDict`` 实例是不可变的，除非创建了一个 ``copy()`` 副本。也就是说不能直接更改 ``request.POST`` 和 ``request.GET`` 的属性。
|
5692天前 |
|
翻译 |
| 17#翻译 |
``QueryDict`` implements the all standard dictionary methods, because its a
subclass of dictionary. Exceptions are outlined in Table H-3.
|
``QueryDict`` 实现了所有标准的字典的方法，因为它正是字典的一个子类。与其不同的东西都已在表H-3中列出。 |
5728天前 |
|
翻译 |
| 18#翻译 |
.. table:: Table H-3. How QueryDicts Differ from StandardDictionaries.
+---------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+
|Method |Differences from Standard dict Implementation |
+===============+=============================================================+
|``__getitem__``|Works just like a dictionary. However, if the key has more |
| |than one value, ``__getitem__()`` returns the last value. |
+---------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+
|``__setitem__``|Sets the given key to ``[value]`` (a Python list whose single|
| |element is ``value`` ). Note that this, as other dictionary |
| |functions that have side effects, can be called only on a |
| |mutable ``QueryDict`` (one that was created via ``copy()`` ).|
+---------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+
|``get()`` |If the key has more than one value, ``get()`` returns the |
| |last value just like ``__getitem__`` . |
+---------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+
|``update()`` |Takes either a ``QueryDict`` or standard dictionary. Unlike |
| |the standard dictionarys ``update`` method, this method |
| |*appends* to the current dictionary items rather than |
| |replacing them: |
| | |
| |:: |
| | |
| | |
| | >>> q = QueryDict('a=1') |
| | >>> q = q.copy() # to make it mutable |
| | >>> q.update({'a': '2'}) |
| | >>> q.getlist('a') |
| | ['1', '2'] |
| | >>> q['a'] # returns the last |
| | ['2'] |
| | |
| |.. |
| | |
| | |
+---------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+
|``items()`` |Just like the standard dictionary ``items()`` method, except |
| |this uses the same last-value logic as ``__getitem()__`` : |
| | |
| |:: |
| | |
| | |
| | >>> q = QueryDict('a=1&a=2&a=3') |
| | >>> q.items() |
| | [('a', '3')] |
| | |
| |.. |
| | |
| | |
+---------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+
|``values()`` |Just like the standard dictionary ``values()`` method, except|
| |this uses the same last-value logic as ``__getitem()__`` . |
+---------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+
|
.. table:: 表 H-3. QueryDicts 与标准字典的区别
+---------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+
|方法 |与标准字典实现的不同 |
+===============+=============================================================+
|``__getitem__``|与一个字典一样。但是，当一个键有多个值时， |
| |``__getitem__()`` 返回最后一个值。 |
+---------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+
|``__setitem__``|将所给键的值设为 ``[value]`` （一个只有一个 ``value`` 元素的 |
| |Python列表）。 注意，因对其它的字典函数有副作用，故它只能被称|
| |为一个可变的 ``QueryDict`` （通过 ``copy()`` 创建）。 |
+---------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+
|``get()`` |如果一个键多个值，和 ``__getitem__`` 一样， ``get()`` 返回 |
| |最后一个值。 |
+---------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+
|``update()`` |参数是一个 ``QueryDict`` 或标准字典。 和标准字典的 |
| | ``update`` 不同，这个方法*增加*而不是替换一项内容： |
| | |
| |:: |
| | |
| | |
| | >>> q = QueryDict('a=1') |
| | >>> q = q.copy() # 使其可变 |
| | >>> q.update({'a': '2'}) |
| | >>> q.getlist('a') |
| | ['1', '2'] |
| | >>> q['a'] # 返回最后一个值 |
| | ['2'] |
| | |
| |.. |
| | |
| | |
+---------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+
|``items()`` |和标准字典的 ``items()`` 方法一样， 不同的是它和 |
| |``__getitem()__`` 一样，返回最后一个值： |
| | |
| |:: |
| | |
| | |
| | >>> q = QueryDict('a=1&a=2&a=3') |
| | >>> q.items() |
| | [('a', '3')] |
| | |
| |.. |
| | |
| | |
+---------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+
|``values()`` |和标准字典的 ``values()`` 方法一样， 不同的是它和 |
| |``__getitem()__`` 一样，返回最后一个值。 |
+---------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+
|
5692天前 |
|
翻译 |
| 21#翻译 |
In addition, ``QueryDict`` has the methods shown in Table H-4.
|
另外， ``QueryDict`` 还有在表H-4中列出的方法。 |
5728天前 |
|
翻译 |
| 22#翻译 |
.. table:: H-4. Extra (Nondictionary) QueryDict Methods
+---------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+
|Method |Description |
+=====================+=======================================================+
|``copy()`` |Returns a copy of the object, using ``copy.deepcopy()``|
| |from the Python standard library. The copy will be |
| |mutable that is, you can change its values. |
+---------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+
|``getlist(key)`` |Returns the data with the requested key, as a Python |
| |list. Returns an empty list if the key doesnt exist. |
| |Its guaranteed to return a list of some sort. |
+---------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+
|``setlist(key, |Sets the given key to ``list_`` (unlike |
|list_)`` |``__setitem__()`` ). |
+---------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+
|``appendlist(key, |Appends an item to the internal list associated with |
|item)`` |``key`` . |
+---------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+
|``setlistdefault(key,|Just like ``setdefault`` , except it takes a list of |
|l)`` |values instead of a single value. |
+---------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+
|``lists()`` |Like ``items()`` , except it includes all values, as a |
| |list, for each member of the dictionary. For example: |
| | |
| |:: |
| | |
| | |
| | >>> q = QueryDict('a=1&a=2&a=3') |
| | >>> q.lists() |
| | [('a', ['1', '2', '3'])] |
| | |
| |.. |
| | |
| | |
+---------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+
|``urlencode()`` |Returns a string of the data in query-string format |
| |(e.g., ``"a=2&b=3&b=5"`` ). |
+---------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+
|
.. table:: 表 H-4. 附加的 (非字典的) QueryDict 方法
+---------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+
|方法 |描述 |
+=====================+=======================================================+
|``copy()`` |返回一个对象的副本，使用的是Python标准库中的 |
| |``copy.deepcopy()`` 。 该副本是可变的， |
| |也就是说，你能改变它的值。 |
+---------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+
|``getlist(key)`` |以Python列表的形式返回所请求键的数据。 |
| |若键不存在则返回空列表。 |
| |它保证了一定会返回某种形式的list。 |
+---------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+
|``setlist(key, |将所给键的键值设为 ``list_`` |
|list_)`` |（与 ``__setitem__()`` 不同）。 |
+---------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+
|``appendlist(key, |在 ``key`` 相关的list上增加 ``item`` 。 |
|item)`` | |
+---------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+
|``setlistdefault(key,|和 ``setdefault`` 一样， 不同的是它的第二个参数是 |
|l)`` |一个列表，而不是一个值。 |
+---------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+
|``lists()`` |和 ``items()`` 一样， 不同的是它以一个列表的形式 |
| |返回字典每一个成员的所有值。 例如： |
| | |
| |:: |
| | |
| | |
| | >>> q = QueryDict('a=1&a=2&a=3') |
| | >>> q.lists() |
| | [('a', ['1', '2', '3'])] |
| | |
| |.. |
| | |
| | |
+---------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+
|``urlencode()`` |返回一个请求字符串格式的数据字符串 |
| |（如， ``"a=2&b=3&b=5"`` ）。 |
+---------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+
|
5692天前 |
|
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| 25#翻译 |
A Complete Example
''''''''''''''''''
|
一个完整的例子
'''''''''''''''''' |
5838天前 |
|
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| 26#翻译 |
For example, given this HTML form:
|
例如, 给定这个HTML表单: |
5838天前 |
|
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| 29#翻译 |
if the user enters ``"John Smith"`` in the ``your_name`` field and selects both
The Beatles and The Zombies in the multiple select box, heres what Djangos
request object would have:
|
如果用户在 ``your_name`` 中输入 ``"John Smith"`` ，并且在多选框中同时选择了The Beatles和The Zombies，那么以下就是Django的request对象所拥有的：
|
5390天前 |
|
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| 32#翻译 |
Implementation Note:
|
使用时请注意: |
5726天前 |
|
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| 33#翻译 |
The ``GET`` , ``POST`` , ``COOKIES`` , ``FILES`` , ``META`` , ``REQUEST`` ,
``raw_post_data`` , and ``user`` attributes are all lazily loaded. That means
Django doesnt spend resources calculating the values of those attributes until
your code requests them.
|
``GET`` , ``POST`` , ``COOKIES`` , ``FILES`` , ``META`` , ``REQUEST`` ,
``raw_post_data`` 和 ``user`` 这些属性都是延迟加载的。 也就是说除非代码中访问它们，否则Django并不会花费资源来计算这些属性值。 |
5727天前 |
|
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| 34#翻译 |
HttpResponse
````````````
|
HttpResponse
```````````` |
5730天前 |
|
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| 35#翻译 |
In contrast to ``HttpRequest`` objects, which are created automatically by
Django, ``HttpResponse`` objects are your responsibility. Each view you write
is responsible for instantiating, populating, and returning an ``HttpResponse``
.
|
与Django自动创建的 ``HttpRequest`` 对象相比， ``HttpResponse`` 对象则是由你创建的。
你创建的每个视图都需要实例化，处理和返回一个 ``HttpResponse`` 对象。 |
5728天前 |
|
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| 36#翻译 |
The ``HttpResponse`` class lives at ``django.http.HttpResponse`` .
|
``HttpResponse`` 类存在于 ``django.http.HttpResponse`` 。
|
5728天前 |
|
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| 37#翻译 |
Construction HttpResponses
''''''''''''''''''''''''''
|
构造HttpResponse
'''''''''''''''''''''''''' |
5730天前 |
|
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| 38#翻译 |
Typically, youll construct an ``HttpResponse`` to pass the contents of the
page, as a string, to the ``HttpResponse`` constructor:
|
一般情况下，你创建一个 ``HttpResponse`` 时，以字符串的形式来传递页面的内容给 ``HttpResponse`` 的构造函数： |
5728天前 |
|
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| 41#翻译 |
But if you want to add content incrementally, you can use ``response`` as a
filelike object:
|
但是如果希望逐渐增加内容，则可以把 ``response`` 当作一个类文件对象使用： |
5728天前 |
|
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| 44#翻译 |
You can pass ``HttpResponse`` an iterator rather than passing it hard-coded
strings. If you use this technique, follow these guidelines:
|
你可以将一个迭代器传递给 ``HttpResponse`` ，而不是固定的字符串。如果你要这样做的话，请遵循以下规则： |
5728天前 |
|
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| 45#翻译 |
* The iterator should return strings.
|
* 迭代器应返回字符串。 |
5728天前 |
|
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| 46#翻译 |
* If an ``HttpResponse`` has been initialized with an iterator as its
content, you cant use the ``HttpResponse`` instance as a filelike object.
Doing so will raise ``Exception`` .
|
* 若一个 ``HttpResponse`` 已经通过实例化，并以一个迭代器作为其内容，就不能以一个类文件对象使用 ``HttpResponse`` 实例。这样做的话，会导致一个 ``Exception`` 。 |
5728天前 |
|
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| 47#翻译 |
Finally, note that ``HttpResponse`` implements a ``write()`` method, which
makes is suitable for use anywhere that Python expects a filelike object. See
Chapter 11 for some examples of using this technique.
|
最后，注意 ``HttpResponse`` 实现了一个 ``write()`` 方法，使其可以在任何可以使用类文件对象的地方使用。
这方面的例子见第11章。 |
5728天前 |
|
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| 48#翻译 |
Setting Headers
'''''''''''''''
|
设置 Headers
''''''''''''''' |
5728天前 |
|
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| 49#翻译 |
You can add and delete headers using dictionary syntax:
|
您可以使用字典一样地添加和删除头信息。 |
5726天前 |
|
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| 52#翻译 |
You can also use ``has_header(header)`` to check for the existence of a header.
|
你也可以使用 ``has_header(header)`` 来检查一个头信息项是否存在。 |
5726天前 |
|
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| 53#翻译 |
Avoid setting ``Cookie`` headers by hand; instead, see Chapter 12 for
instructions on how cookies work in Django.
|
请避免手工设置 ``Cookie`` 头，参见第12章Django中cookie工作原理的说明。
|
5692天前 |
|
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| 54#翻译 |
HttpResponse Subclasses
'''''''''''''''''''''''
|
HttpResponse的子类
''''''''''''''''''''''' |
5852天前 |
|
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| 55#翻译 |
Django includes a number of ``HttpResponse`` subclasses that handle different
types of HTTP responses (see Table H-5). Like ``HttpResponse`` , these
subclasses live in ``django.http`` .
|
Django包含许多处理不同类型的HTTP请求的 ``HttpResponse`` 子类（见表H-5）。像 ``HttpResponse`` 一样，这些类在 ``django.http`` 中。
|
5692天前 |
|
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| 56#翻译 |
.. table:: Table H-5. HttpResponse Subclasses
+---------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+
|Class |Description |
+=================================+===========================================+
|``HttpResponseRedirect`` |The constructor takes a single argument: |
| |the path to redirect to. This can be a |
| |fully qualified URL (e.g., |
| |``'http://search.yahoo.com/'`` ) or an |
| |absolute URL with no domain (e.g., |
| |``'/search/'`` ). Note that this returns an|
| |HTTP status code 302. |
+---------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+
|``HttpResponsePermanentRedirect``|Like ``HttpResponseRedirect`` , but it |
| |returns a permanent redirect (HTTP status |
| |code 301) instead of a found redirect |
| |(status code 302). |
+---------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+
|``HttpResponseNotModified`` |The constructor doesnt take any arguments. |
| |Use this to designate that a page hasnt |
| |been modified since the users last request.|
+---------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+
|``HttpResponseBadRequest`` |Acts just like ``HttpResponse`` but uses a |
| |400 status code. |
+---------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+
|``HttpResponseNotFound`` |Acts just like ``HttpResponse`` but uses a |
| |404 status code. |
+---------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+
|``HttpResponseForbidden`` |Acts just like ``HttpResponse`` but uses a |
| |403 status code. |
+---------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+
|``HttpResponseNotAllowed`` |Like ``HttpResponse`` , but uses a 405 |
| |status code. It takes a single, required |
| |argument: a list of permitted methods |
| |(e.g., ``['GET', 'POST']`` ). |
+---------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+
|``HttpResponseGone`` |Acts just like ``HttpResponse`` but uses a |
| |410 status code. |
+---------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+
|``HttpResponseServerError`` |Acts just like ``HttpResponse`` but uses a |
| |500 status code. |
+---------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+
|
.. table:: 表 H-5. HttpResponse 子类
+---------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+
|类名 |描述 |
+=================================+===========================================+
|``HttpResponseRedirect`` |构造函数的参数有一个： |
| |重定向的路径。 它可以是一个完整的URL |
| |（例如， ``'http://search.yahoo.com/'`` ） |
| |或者不包括域名的绝对路径（如 |
| |``'/search/'`` ）。 注意它返回 |
| |HTTP 状态码 302。 |
+---------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+
|``HttpResponsePermanentRedirect``|类似 ``HttpResponseRedirect`` ， 但是它 |
| |返回一个永久重定向 （HTTP 状态码 301）， |
| |而不是暂时性重定向（状态码302）。 |
+---------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+
|``HttpResponseNotModified`` |构造函数没有任何参数。 |
| |用它来表示这个页面在上次请求后未改变。 |
+---------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+
|``HttpResponseBadRequest`` |类似 ``HttpResponse`` ，但使用400状态码。 |
+---------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+
|``HttpResponseNotFound`` |类似 ``HttpResponse`` ，但使用404状态码。 |
+---------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+
|``HttpResponseForbidden`` |类似 ``HttpResponse`` ，但使用403状态码。 |
+---------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+
|``HttpResponseNotAllowed`` |类似 ``HttpResponse`` ，但使用405状态码。 |
| |它必须有一个参数： |
| |允许方法的列表。 |
| |（例如， ``['GET', 'POST']`` ）。 |
+---------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+
|``HttpResponseGone`` |类似 ``HttpResponse`` ，但使用410状态码。 |
+---------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+
|``HttpResponseServerError`` |类似 ``HttpResponse`` ，但使用500状态码。 |
+---------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+
|
5525天前 |
|
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| 59#翻译 |
You can, of course, define your own ``HttpResponse`` subclass to support
different types of responses not supported out of the box.
|
当然，如果框架不支持一些特性，你也可以定义自己的 ``HttpResponse`` 子类来处理不同的请求。 |
5728天前 |
|
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| 60#翻译 |
Returning Errors
''''''''''''''''
|
返回错误
'''''''''''''''' |
5838天前 |
|
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| 61#翻译 |
Returning HTTP error codes in Django is easy. Weve already mentioned the
``HttpResponseNotFound`` , ``HttpResponseForbidden`` ,
``HttpResponseServerError`` , and other subclasses. Just return an instance of
one of those subclasses instead of a normal ``HttpResponse`` in order to
signify an error, for example:
|
在Django中返回HTTP错误代码很容易。我们前面已经提到 ``HttpResponseNotFound`` ， ``HttpResponseForbidden`` ， ``HttpResponseServerError`` ，和其它子类。为了更好地表示一个错误，只要返回这些子类之一的一个实例，而不是一个通常的 ``HttpResponse`` ，例如： |
5728天前 |
|
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| 64#翻译 |
Because a 404 error is by far the most common HTTP error, theres an easier way
to handle it.
|
至今为止，404错误是最常见的HTTP错误，有一种更容易的方式来处理。 |
5730天前 |
|
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| 65#翻译 |
When you return an error such as ``HttpResponseNotFound`` , youre responsible
for defining the HTML of the resulting error page:
|
当返回一个错误，比如 ``HttpResponseNotFound`` 时，需要定义错误页面的HTML： |
5728天前 |
|
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| 68#翻译 |
For convenience, and because its a good idea to have a consistent 404 error
page across your site, Django provides an ``Http404`` exception. If you raise
``Http404`` at any point in a view function, Django will catch it and return
the standard error page for your application, along with an HTTP error code
404.
|
为了方便，而且定义一个通用的应用于网站的404错误页面也是一个很好的选择，Django提供了一个 ``Http404`` 异常。如果在视图的任何地方引发 ``Http404`` 异常，Django就会捕获错误并返回应用程序的标准错误页面，当然，还有HTTP错误代码404。 |
5728天前 |
|
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| 69#翻译 |
Heres an example:
|
例如： |
5728天前 |
|
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| 72#翻译 |
In order to use the ``Http404`` exception to its fullest, you should create a
template that is displayed when a 404 error is raised. This template should be
called ``404.html`` , and it should be located in the top level of your
template tree.
|
为了完全发挥出 ``Http404`` 的功能，应创建一个模板，在404错误被引发时显示。模板的名字应该是 ``404.html`` ，而且应该位于模板树的最高层。 |
5728天前 |
|
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| 73#翻译 |
Customizing the 404 (Not Found) View
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
|
自定义 404 (无法找到) 视图
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
|
5728天前 |
|
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| 74#翻译 |
When you raise an ``Http404`` exception, Django loads a special view devoted to
handling 404 errors. By default, its the view
``django.views.defaults.page_not_found`` , which loads and renders the template
``404.html`` .
|
当引发 ``Http404`` 异常，Django加载一个专门处理404错误的视图。默认情况下，这个视图是 ``django.views.defaults.page_not_found`` ，它会加载并显示模板 ``404.html`` 。 |
5728天前 |
|
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| 75#翻译 |
This means you need to define a ``404.html`` template in your root template
directory. This template will be used for all 404 errors.
|
这意味着需要在根模板目录定义一个 ``404.html`` 模板。这个模板会作用于所有404错误。 |
5728天前 |
|
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| 76#翻译 |
This ``page_not_found`` view should suffice for 99% of Web applications, but if
you want to override the 404 view, you can specify ``handler404`` in your
URLconf, like so:
|
视图 ``page_not_found`` 适用于99%的网站应用程序，但若是希望重载该视图，可以在URLconf中指定 ``handler404`` ，就像这样：sfas |
5623天前 |
|
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| 79#翻译 |
Behind the scenes, Django determines the 404 view by looking for ``handler404``
. By default, URLconfs contain the following line:
|
后台执行时，Django以 ``handler404`` 来确定404视图。默认情况下，URLconf包含以下内容： |
5728天前 |
|
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| 82#翻译 |
That takes care of setting ``handler404`` in the current module. As you can see
in ``django/conf/urls/defaults.py`` , ``handler404`` is set to
``'django.views.defaults.page_not_found'`` by default.
|
这句话负责当前模块中的 ``handler404`` 设置。正如你所见，在 ``django/conf/urls/defaults.py`` 中， ``handler404`` 默认被设为 ``'django.views.defaults.page_not_found'`` 。
|
5692天前 |
|
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| 83#翻译 |
There are three things to note about 404 views:
|
关于404视图，有三点需要注意： |
5728天前 |
|
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| 84#翻译 |
* The 404 view is also called if Django doesnt find a match after checking
every regular expression in the URLconf.
|
* 当Django在URLconf无法找到匹配的正则表达式时，404视图会显示。 |
5728天前 |
|
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| 85#翻译 |
* If you dont define your own 404 view and simply use the default, which is
recommended you still have one obligation: to create a ``404.html``
template in the root of your template directory. The default 404 view will
use that template for all 404 errors.
|
* 如果没有定义自己的404视图，而只是简单地使用默认的视图，此时就需要在模板目录的根目录创建一个 ``404.html`` 模板。默认的404视图会对所有404错误使用改模板。 |
5728天前 |
|
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| 86#翻译 |
* If ``DEBUG`` is set to ``True`` (in your settings module), then your 404
view will never be used, and the traceback will be displayed instead.
|
* 若 ``DEBUG`` 被设为 ``True`` （在settings模块内），则404视图不会被使用，此时显示的是跟踪信息。 |
5728天前 |
|
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| 87#翻译 |
Customizing the 500 (Server Error) View
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
|
自定义 500 (服务器错误) 视图
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' |
3619天前 |
|
翻译 |
| 88#翻译 |
Similarly, Django executes special-case behavior in the case of runtime errors
in view code. If a view results in an exception, Django will, by default, call
the view ``django.views.defaults.server_error`` , which loads and renders the
template ``500.html`` .
|
同样地，若是在试图代码中出现了运行时错误，Django会进行特殊情况处理。如果视图引发了一个异常，Django会默认访问视图 ``django.views.defaults.server_error`` ，加载并显示模板 ``500.html`` 。 |
5728天前 |
|
翻译 |
| 89#翻译 |
This means you need to define a ``500.html`` template in your root template
directory. This template will be used for all server errors.
|
这意味着需要在根模板目录定义一个 ``500.html`` 模板。该模板作用于所有服务器错误。 |
5728天前 |
|
翻译 |
| 90#翻译 |
This ``server_error`` view should suffice for 99% of Web applications, but if
you want to override the view, you can specify ``handler500`` in your URLconf,
like so:
|
视图 ``server_error`` 适用于99%的网站应用程序，但若是希望重载该视图，可以在URLconf中指定 ``handler500`` ，就像这样： |
5728天前 |
|
翻译 |